Novel approaches to in vitro transgenesis.

The study of gene expression is a major focus in biological research and is recognised to be critical for our understanding of physiological and pathophysiological processes. Methods to study gene expression range from in vitro biochemical assays through cultured cells and tissue biopsies to whole organisms. In the early stages of project development, considerations about which model system to use should be addressed and may influence future experimental procedures. The aim of this review is to briefly describe advantages and disadvantages of the existing techniques available to study eukaryote gene expression in vitro, including the mechanism of transgene integration (transient or stable), the different transgenesis systems available, including plasmids, viruses and targeted integration and knockin approaches, and paying particular attention to expression systems such as bacterial artificial chromosomes and episomal vectors that offer a number of advantages and are increasing in popularity. We also discuss novel approaches that combine some of the above techniques, generating increasingly complex but physiologically accurate expression systems.